Streptococcal Infections in Fiji - Prevalence of Group A Streptococcal Pyoderma and Scabies in Infants in Fiji

Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, a common infective agent in children and adults, causes the widest range of clinical disease of any bacterium. This study is the fourth of five studies in a larger project aimed at evaluating the epidemiology of infections caused by the group A streptococcus (GAS) in Fiji. This larger project is called the Fiji Group A Streptococcal Project (Fiji GrASP). Fiji GrASP is in turn part of a larger program aimed at progression of a novel GAS vaccine - this program is the project entitled "Global GAS Vaccine Based on the M-Protein." The three broad aims of the Fiji GrASP epidemiologic studies are: (1) to establish the burden of disease of GAS infections in Fiji; (2) to describe the molecular epidemiology of GAS isolates in Fiji and; (3) to establish natural immunologic correlates of protection of a J8 vaccine if they exist. This is a cross-sectional study of 550 infants over a 2-month period. Skin will be examined for pyoderma and scabies, and swabs will be taken from pyoderma lesions once. All GAS isolates from skin swabs will undergo genetic sequencing of the N-terminal and C-repeat regions (for the J8 epitope) of the M protein at QIMR. One hundred skin swabs will undergo antimicrobial susceptibility testing against penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin and chloramphenicol. The primary objectives of the study are to estimate the point prevalence of GAS pyoderma in 550 infants in the Central Division of Fiji and to estimate the point prevalence of scabies in 550 infants in the Central Division of Fiji. The secondary objectives of the study are to genotypically characterize group A streptococci isolated from skin swabs from pyoderma lesions in infants in Fiji and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol in 100 GAS isolates from skin swabs. The primary endpoints of the study are to determine the number of cases of pyoderma and the number of cases of scabies. The secondary endpoints are: (1) to determine the number of children with pyoderma and scabies; (2) to determine the number of GAS isolates from skin swabs that contain the J8 epitope and the overall emm-type distribution of GAS isolates and; (3) to complete antibiograms of GAS isolates from skin to penicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and chloramphenicol.