Can Acupuncture Treat Post-stroke Depression? (PSD2)

Mood depression is a common and serious consequence of stroke (Paolucci, 2008). There are approximately 30% of stroke patients developing PSD, either in the early or in the late stages after stroke (Paolucci, 2008). Despite the fact that PSD is strongly associated with the poor prognosis and an increased disability, it is often neglected in the clinical management, with only a minority of PSD patients who could receive proper diagnoses and treatment (Gustafson et al., 1995; Paolucci, 2008; Williams et al., 2004). Although pharmacological treatment, represented by various types of antidepressants, are recommended as first-line drugs for PSD, the effectiveness is unsatisfactory and the clinical use is largely hampered due to apparent shortcomings. A large portion of PSD patients could not obtain satisfactory outcomes from antidepressant treatment, in particular the elderly (Bhogal et al., 2005;Paolucci, 2008). Pharmacotherapy related side effects; particularly on cardiovascular system may exacerbate stroke patients' conditions (Paolucci, 2008). Furthermore, stroke patients are often medicated with various classes of drugs, the addition of antidepressant agents may increase risk of drug-drug interactions, resulting in unexpected and unpredictable adverse events (Hemeryck and Belpaire, 2002). The development of alternative treatment strategies for PSD patients is therefore highly desired.

While acupuncture is effective in reducing pain disorders, it also possesses psychotropic potential in treating psychiatric symptoms, in particular depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance. Our systematic review with meta-analysis suggests that the clinical outcomes of acupuncture is equivalent to antidepressant in treating major depression and superior to pharmacotherapy in improving clinical response and reducing the severity of PSD, with fewer incidences of adverse events (Zhang et al., 2010). Recently, the investigators have developed a novel acupuncture stimulation mode called dense cranial electroacupuncture stimulation (DCEAS), in which electrical stimulation is directly delivered on dense acupoints (6-8 pairs in general) located on the forehead innervated by the trigeminal sensory pathway. This pathway has intimate afferent fibers projecting the brainstem reticular formation, a pivotal brain region containing serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) neuronal cells involved in the processing of mood signals. neuroanatomic rationale for DCEAS is that electrical stimulation on dense scalp acupoints could enhance the activities of brainstem nuclei containing 5-HT and NE neuronal systems via the trigeminal sensory nucleus, and then modulate brain regions related to mood processing (Zhang et al., 2012).Our serial clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of DCEAS and alike modes in patients with major depression, postpartum depression, insomnia and obsessive compulsive disorder (Chung et al., 2012; 2014; Huang et al., 2004, 2005; Qu et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2009, 2012a). Most recently, our pilot study further confirms that DCEAS is effective in reducing stroke patients' depressive symptoms; a combination of DCEAS and body acupuncture (CAI) is more effective in reducing neuropsychiatric sequelae of stroke (Man et al., 2014). These encouraging results warrant a large-scale controlled trial.

The pathogenesis of PSD is mainly associated with decreased serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) function in the brain (Gustafson et al., 1995). On the other hand, neuro-anatomic rationale for DCEAS is that electrical stimulation on dense scalp acupoints could enhance the activities of brainstem nuclei containing 5-HT and NE neuronal systems via the trigeminal sensory nucleus, and then modulate brain regions related to mood processing (Zhang et al., 2012b). Based on these studies, the investigators hypothesize that CAI could yield better treatment outcomes in improving PSD compared to Least acupuncture stimulation (LAS) control.

An apparent advantage of TCM clinical practice is individualized or personalized treatment, i.e., treatment protocol is tailored to meet individual's current clinical manifestations and different stages of illness, termed differentiation syndromes. Previous studies have suggested a potential relationship between the therapeutic efficacy of acupuncture and TCM syndromes of PSD (Dang, 2013; Wu, 2010; Xin et al., 2005). The investigators will further determine whether there are correlates of TCM syndromes of PSD with the CAI treatment.

The working hypothesis of the proposed study is that CAI is an effective intervention in improving PSD and comorbid symptoms often observed in stroke patients. To test this hypothesis, an 8-week, assessor-blind, randomized, controlled trial will be proposed to determine: (1) whether the patients treated with the CAI could produce significantly greater improvement than those treated with LAS and (2) whether there are correlates of TCM syndromes of PSD with the CAI treatment.