Development Study of Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale (PAMIIS)

ABSTRACT Aims: In Turkish, there is no valid and reliable measurement tool for monitoring the health status of athletes and evaluating the effects of injuries on them from various dimensions. With this study, we aimed to develop a measurement tool to detect pain associated with sports injuries and to investigate the consequences of injury. We created a measurement tool called Pain Monitoring and Injury Impact Scale for Athletes-PAMIIS, which consists of a Pain Detection Diagram and an Injury Impact Scale.

Methods: PAMIIS was designed and improved upon expert, partner, and participant opinions and a literature review. Initially, a pool of 37 items was created. The content and scope of the tool were checked with a pilot test on 30 athletes. In the main test phase, 148 participants (200 sample) were tested for item consistency, and 55 athletes (70 sample) were retested for stability to determine reliability. For concurrent validity, PAMIIS sub-scores were compared with the Visual Analog Scale, the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC-O), and the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center on Health Problems (OSTRC-H) scores. Scale structure revealed with Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) for the construct validity. In the final phase, 90 (122 sample) athletes were administered the restructured scale, and its construct was tested with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).